Abstract:
A major research challenge in archaeology is identifying when
and how symbols were used for the first time to mediate hominin
behaviour. Once in place this innovation provided an ability to
share, store, and transmit coded information and played a
crucial role in creating the social conventions and identities
that now characterise human societies.
Recent archaeological discoveries in some regions of Africa
suggest symbols were an inherent part of H. sapiens behaviour by
at least 75 ka in the Middle Stone Age. However, the recent
application of high resolution dating techniques to the
archaeological data suggests that symbolic material culture
occurs only sporadically after 75 ka and is a regular feature
only after 25 ka. This evidence contradicts the idea that
symbolic behaviour, once acquired, became a regular feature of
human culture. This punctuated pattern has been attributed to
the relatively small number of excavated sites in Africa.
Another possibility is that the variable climates that
characterised the Late Pleistocene had a major effect on the
continuity of key cultural innovations. The adaptive responses
of Homo to changing climates is however poorly understood;
researching the role of climate in shaping the cognitive
evolution of H. sapiens is therefore a priority.