GC-MS, metabolites
Metabolite | Abbr | Category |
Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
||
Methylmalonic acid | MMA | Carboxylic acid | <0.26 µmol/L | Serum, plasma |
50-200
|
|
Total homocysteine | tHcy | Aminothiol | 5-15 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Total cysteine | tCys | Aminothiol | 150-350 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Methionine | Met | Amino acid | 18-33 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Serine | Ser | Amino acid | 95-125 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Glycine | Gly | Amino acid | 200-300 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
GC-MS/MS, metabolites and amino acids
Metabolite | Abbr | Category | Reported values* |
Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
|
Methylmalonic acid | MMA | Carboxylic acid | <0.26 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine |
50-200
|
|
Total homocysteine | tHcy | Aminothiol | 5-15 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Total cysteine | tCys | Aminothiol | 150-350 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Methionine | Met | Apolar amino acid | 18-33 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Serine | Ser | Polar amino acid | 95-125 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Glycine | Gly | Amino acid | 200-300 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Cystathionine | Cysta | Thioether | <0.4 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Sarcosine** | Sarc | 0.7-2.3 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |||
Histidine | His | Charged amino acid | 26-120 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Tryptophan | Trp | Hydrofo. amino acid | 43-89 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Kynurenine | Kyn | Trp metabolite | 1.0-2.9 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
3-Hydroxykynurenine | HK | Trp metabolite | Urine | |||
Kynurenic acid | KA | Trp metabolite | Urine | |||
Anthranilic acid | AA | Trp metabolite | Urine | |||
Xanthurenic acid | XA | Trp metabolite | Urine | |||
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid | HAA | Trp metabolite | Urine | |||
4-Pyridoxic acid | PA | B6 catabolite | Urine | |||
Formiminoglutamic acid | Figlu | His metabolite | Urine | |||
Ornithine | Orn | Charged amino acid | 30-90 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Aspartic acid | Asp | Charged amino acid | 0-26 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Glutamic acid | Glu | Charged amino acid | 20-140 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Lysine | Lys | Charged amino acid | 120-290 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Alanine | Ala | Apolar amino acid | 230-510 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Phenylalanine | Phe | Apolar amino acid | 26-85 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Isoleucine | Ile | Apolar amino acid | 40-140 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Leucine | Leu | Apolar amino acid | 70-170 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Proline | Pro | Amino acid | 110-360 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Valine | Val | Apolar amino acid | 150-350 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Asparagine | Asn | Polar amino acid | 20-130 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Glutamine | Gln | Polar amino acid | 390-700 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Threonine | Thr | Polar amino acid | 70-240 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
Tyrosine | Tyr | Polar amino acid | 40-110 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
α-Ketoglutaric acid | aKG | Keto acid | 20-50 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
3-Hydroxyisobutyrate | 3-HIB | Val catabolite | 15-25 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | ||
**Sarcosine cannot be measured in EDTA-tubes from some suppliers because of the presence of sarcosine in these tubes
LC-MS/MS, metabolites
Metabolite | Abbr | Category | Reported values* | Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
Choline | Chol | Quarternary ammonium | 5-12 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine |
50-200
|
Total choline | tChol | Choline esters | 2-3 mmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Trimethylamine N-oxide | TMAO | Serum, plasma, urine | |||
Betaine | Bet | Quarternary ammonium | 16-51 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
Dimethylglycine | DMG | 1.54 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Total homocysteine | tHcy | Amino acid | <15 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
Creatine | Crn | Serum, plasma, urine | |||
Creatinine | Creat | <90 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Methionine | Met | Amino acid | 18-33 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Methionine sulfoxide | MetSo | Amino acid | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Cystathionine | Cysta | Thioether | < 0.4 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
Total cysteine | tCys | Amino acid | 150-350 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
Histidine | His | Amino acid | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
3-Methylhistidine | 3-MH | Amino acid | 2.7-7 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
1-Methylhistidine | 1-MH | Amino acid | 0.7-14 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
Arginine | Arg | Amino acid | 10-80 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
Asymmetric dimethylarginine | ADMA | 0.4-1.0 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Symmetric dimethylarginine | SDMA | 0.3-0.7 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Homoarginine | hArg | Amino acid | 2-6 µmol/L | Serum, plasma, urine | |
Trimethyllysine | TML | Amino acid | Serum, plasma, urine |
LC-MS/MS, B-vitamins and kynurenines
Metabolite | Abbr | Category | Reported values | Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate | PLP | B6 vitamer | 17102 nmol//L | Serum, plasma |
60-200
|
Pyridoxal | PL | B6 vitamer | 628 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
4-Pyridoxic acid | PA | B6 vitamer | 1188 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Pyridoxine | PN | B6 vitamer | Serum, plasma | ||
Thiamine | Thi | B1 vitamer | 716 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Thiamine monophosphate | TMP | B1 vitamer | 13 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Riboflavin | Ribo | B2 vitamer | 538 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Flavin mononucleotide | FMN | B2 vitamer | 313 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Cystathionine | Cysta | Thioether | <0.4 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Neopterin | Neopt | Pteridine | <20 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Tryptophan | Trp | Amino acid | 43-89 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
3-9 µmol/L | CSF | ||||
Kynurenine | Kyn | Trp metabolite | 1.0-2.9 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
0.06-0.9 µmol/L | CSF | ||||
Kynurenic acid | KA | Trp metabolite | 20-100 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
0.5-15 nmol/L | CSF | ||||
Anthranilic acid | AA | Trp metabolite | 7-30 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
-21 nmol/L | CSF | ||||
3-Hydroxykynurenine | HK | Trp metabolite | 10-65 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
0.1-10 nmol/L | CSF | ||||
Xanthurenic acid | XA | Trp metabolite | 5-35 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
CSF | |||||
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid | HAA | Trp metabolite | 7-50 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
1-7 nmol/L | CSF | ||||
Picolinic acid | Pic | Trp metabolite | 90-370nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
3-60 nmol/L | CSF | ||||
Quinolinic acid | QA | Trp metabolite | 134-384 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
2-150 nmol/L | CSF | ||||
Nicotinic acid | NA | B3 vitamer | <20 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Nicotinamide | NAM | B3 vitamer | 92-388 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
N1-methylnicotinamide | mNAM | B3 vitamer | 27-221 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Cotinine | Cot | Nicotine metabolite | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Trans-3'-hydroxycotinine | OHCot | Nicotine metabolite | Serum, plasma, urine | ||
Trigonelline | Trig | Alkaloid | Serum, plasma |
LC-MS/MS, folate and folate catabolites
Metabolite | Abbr | Category | Reported values |
Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate | mTHF | Folate | >5 nmol/L | Serum, plasma |
60-200
|
5-Formyl-tetrahydrofolate | fTHF | Folate | 0-2 nmol/l | Serum, plasma | |
Folic acid | FA | Folate | 0-2 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
4-Alfa-hydroxy-5-methyl-THF | hmTHF | Oxidized folate | Serum, plasma | ||
Para-aminobenzoylglutamate | pABG | Folate catabolite | 0-0.5 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Acetamidobenzoylglutamate | apABG | Folate catabolite | 0.1-1 nmol/L | Serum, plasma |
Microbiological assay
Metabolite | Abbr | Category | Reported values | Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
Serum folate | s-Folate | B-vitamin | >5 nmol/L | Serum, plasma |
100-250
|
Erythrocyte folate | e-Folate | B-vitamin | |||
Serum cobalamin | s-B12 | B-vitamin | >150 pmol/L | Serum, plasma |
MALDI-TOF MS, peptide and protein biomarkers
Metabolite | Abbr | Category | Reported values | Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
C-reactive protein | hsCRP | Protein | 0-10 µg/ml | Serum, plasma |
20-100
|
Serum amyloid A and variants | SAA | Protein | 0-20 µg/ml | Serum, plasma | |
Calprotectin and variants | Calp | Protein | 0-30 µg/ml | Serum, plasma | |
Cystatin C and variants | Cys-C | Protein | 0-8 µg/ml | Serum, plasma | |
HbA1c | Protein | 4-14 % | Whole blood |
LC-MS/MS, fat-soluble vitamins
Metabolite | Abbr | Category | Reported values |
Matrix |
Vol (µL)
(min-optimal) |
All-trans retinol | Vit. A | A vitamer | 1.46-2.84 µmol/L | Serum, plasma |
50-200
|
25-hydroxy vitamin D2 | 25OH-D2 | D vitamer | 0-30 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
25-hydroxy vitamin D3 | 25OH-D3 | D vitamer | 32.4-98.5 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
alpha-tocopherol | Vit. E | E vitamer | 18.9-38.8.0 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
alpha-tocopherolacetate | Vit. E suppl. | E vitamer | |||
gamma-tocopherol | Vit. E | E vitamer | 2-11 µmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Phylloquinone | Vit. K1 | K vitamer | 0.1-8.7 nmol/L | Serum, plasma | |
Menaquinone-4 | Vit. K2 | K vitamer |